He was made dictator perpetuo (dictator in perpetuity or dictator for life) in 44 BC and, shortly thereafter, assassinated.Īfter Crassus' departure from Rome at the end of 55 BC and following his death in battle in 53 BC, the First Triumvirate started to fracture more cleanly. The following year, Caesar defeated the last of the Pompeians under his former lieutenant Labienus in the Battle of Munda. Scipio and Cato committed suicide shortly thereafter. Caesar intervened in Africa and Asia Minor before attacking North Africa, where he defeated Scipio in 46 BC at the Battle of Thapsus. Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated on arrival. Many former Pompeians, including Marcus Junius Brutus and Cicero, surrendered after the battle, while others, such as Cato the Younger and Metellus Scipio fought on. Pompey defeated Caesar in 48 BC at the Battle of Dyrrhachium, but was himself defeated decisively at the Battle of Pharsalus. The war was a four-year-long politico-military struggle, fought in Italy, Illyria, Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Hispania. Caesar refused and instead marched on Rome. Eventually, Pompey and his allies induced the Senate to demand Caesar give up his provinces and armies. A build-up of tensions starting in late 49 BC, with both Caesar and Pompey refusing to back down led, however, to the outbreak of civil war. It began as a series of political and military confrontations between Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.īefore the war, Caesar had led an invasion of Gaul for almost ten years. Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC) was one of the last politico-military conflicts of the Roman Republic before its reorganization into the Roman Empire.
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